ISO 9001:2000 Certifications
Plastic Packaging Glossary(A-I)
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z - Top Abrasion -The damage caused by the scuffing or friction of a bottle or decoration against its package, or a bottle against an external object. ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) -Blends or copolymers of polystyrene or styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer with butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber. Accelerated Aging -A means whereby the deterioration encountered in natural aging may be accelerated and reproduced in the laboratory. Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) -The maximum percentage of proportion or variant units in a lot or batch that, for the purposes of acceptance sampling, can be considered satisfactory as a process average. Accumulator-An auxiliary cylinder and piston (plunger) mounted on injection molding or bottle blowing machines. It is used to provide extremely fast molding cycles. The accumulator cylinder is filled (during the time between parison deliveries or "shots") with melted plastic coming from the main (primary) extruder. The molten plastic is stored or "accumulated" in this auxiliary cylinder until the next parison is required. At that time, the piston in the accumulator cylinder forces the molten plastic into the dies that form the parison. Acetal Resins -The molecular structure of the polymer is that of linear acetal, consisting of unbranched polyoxmethylene chains. Acrylic- Polymethylmethacralate. Acrylonitrile -A monomer with the structure (CH2=CHCN). Its copolymer with butadiene is nitrile rubber, and several copolymers with styrene exist that are tougher than polystyrene. Its homopolymer is also used as a synthetic fiber . Adsorption -The adhesion of the moleclues of gases, dissolved substances, or liquids (in more or less concentrated form) to the surfaces of solids or liquids with which they are in contact. Aesthetics -The sum total of the visual response to the appearance of a bottle. Elements of aesthetics may include: color, shape, or particular features of the bottle. In packages, the texture or "feel" of the bottle may also be part of the appeal to desirable responses. Aging (Also see Artificial Aging) -The physical and/or chemical change of a material with respect to time, under defined environmental conditions. Amorphous Phase -Devoid of crystallinity; no definite order. At processing temperature, the plastic is normally in the amorphous state. Annealing- A process of holding a material at a temperature near, but below, its melting point; the objective being to permit stress relaxation without distortion of shape. It is often used on moldsed bottles to relieve stresses set up by flow into the molds. Antioxidant-A chemical substance that can be added to a plastic resin to minimize or prevent the effects of oxygen attack on the plastic (e.g., yellowing or degradation). Such chemical attack by oxygen may render a plastic brittle or cause it to lose desired mechanical properties. Antistatic Agent-A chemical substance that can be applied to the surface of a plastic bottle, or incorporated in the plastic from which the bottle is to be made. Its function is to render the surface of the plastic bottle less susceptible to accumulation of electrostatic dirt or dust on the surface of the plastic bottle. Artificial Aging (Also see Aging) -The exposure of the plastic bottle (with or without product in it) to conditions which "accelerate" the effects of time. Such means include heating, exposure to cold, flexing, exposure to chemicals, ultraviolet lights, etc. Typically the conditions chosen for such testing reflect the conditions under which the plastic bottle will be used. The length of time the bottle is exposed to these test conditions is generally relatively short. Properties such as dimensional stability, mechanical fatigue, chemical resistance, stress crack resistance, etc., are evaluated. Autoclave -Steam sterilization normally conducted at 250 at 30lbs. of pressure for 30 minutes in a closed vessel. Average Molecular Weight- Plastics (polymers) are long, chain-like structures. The number of units which comprise an individual chain varies from chain to chain. Average Molecular Weight indicates chain length of the most typical chain in a given plastic; it is neither the longest chain nor the shortest. Average Wall Thickness-A number obtained by adding the thick and thin wall section and dividing by two. Average Wall Thickness does not describe the distribution of plastic material in a bottle. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z - Top Back Pressure -The resistance to the forward flow of molten material. Backing Plate- In injection molding equipment, a heavy steel plate that is used as a support for the cavity blocks, guide pins, bushings, etc. In blow molding equipment, it is the steel plate on which the cavities (i.e. the bottle molds) are mounted. Barrel (Extruder) -In injection molding or bottle blowing equipment, it is the hollow tube in which the plastic material is gradually heated and melted and from which it is extruded. Inside the barrel is a helical screw which compresses and moves the plastic from one end of the barrel to the other in the course of melting the plastic. Barrier-A layer of material designed to limit the migration or infiltration of undesirable elements into the bottle or to prevent the loss of desirable elements from the bottle. Barrier Bottle -A bottle which is co-extruded, treated or fabricated from barrier material to contain products such as industrial chemicals or food products. Base Radius (Also see Heel Radius) -It is that radius at the base of a bottle which connects the body (or wall) of the bottle with the bottom bearing surface of the bottle. It varies in size, depending on the design and geometry of the bottle. Bleed- To give up color when in contact with water or a solvent; undesired movement of certain materials in a plastic (e.g., plasticizers in vinyl) to the surface of the finished bottle or into an adjacent material. (Also called migration). Bloom - (1) A surface coating on a plastic bottle that comes from ingredients such as plasticizers, lubricants, antistatic agents, etc., which are incorporated, into the plastic resin. It is not always visible. "Bloom" is the result of ingredients coming out of "solution" in the plastic and migrating to the surface of the plastic. (2) Also used to describe an increase in diameter of the parison as it comes from the extruder die(s) in the blow molding process. Blow molding -A method of fabrication in which a hot plastic parison (hollow tube) is placed between the two halves of a molds (cavity) and forced to assume the shape of the molds cavity by use of internal pressure (usually air). Blow Pin -It is a tubular tool through which pressure is introduced into the parison to create the air pressure necessary to form the parison into the shape of the molds. In some blow molding systems, it is a part of, or an extension of, the core pin. Blow Pressure- The pressure required to form the parison into the shape of the molds cavity, in a blow molding operation. Blow Rate -The speed or rate at which the air enters or the time required for air to enter the parison during the blow molding cycle. Blowing Mandrel (Also see Mandrel) -Part of the tooling in a blow molding operation. It can form the opening in the parison and is also the means by which air is introduced into the molds containing the parison that ultimately is formed into a bottle. Blow-up Ratio - The ratio of the maximum molds cavity width or depth dimension to the parison diameter. Blunt Thread Start- A detail of thread design in which the start of the thread has been squared off; i.e., there is no gradual thread "fade-in." The blunt thread start is used as a means of orienting the bottle in a printing machine or labeling machine. Blushing -A surface whitening or discoloration apparent on transparent (clear) or translucent bottles. It is the result of physically induced (e.g., by impact) or chemically induced phase separation of the (1 ) ingredients in the plastic molding compound, or (2) the molecular orientation of the plastic. Bottom Blow - A specific type of blow molding machine which forms bottles by injecting the blowing air into the parison from the bottom of the molds. Bottom Plate -That part of the molds which forms the bottom of the bottle. Branched- See "Linear Molecule." Breaker Plate -A perforated plate located at the rear of an extruder . Bulk Density- The weight per unit volume of a molding compound as determined in a reasonably large volume. The recommended test method is ASTM 01182. It is not to be confused with the density of the plastic after it has been formed into a bottle. Bulk Factor- Ratio of the volume of loose molding powder to the volume of the same weight of resin after molding. Bumper Flats - A vertical section of the bottle, usually near the base, used to provide bottle-to-bottle contact that prevents bottles from tipping or wedging while passing through conveyors. Burn Line -A dark streak of material in a bottle resulting from decomposed material dislodged from the extruder and incorporated in the bottle. Burning Rate - A term describing the tendency of plastic articles to burn at given temperatures. Certain plastics will melt or disintegrate without actually burning, or will burn only if exposed to direct flame. Bushing-The outer ring of any type of a circular tubing or pipe die which forms the outer surface of the tube or pipe. It is used in conjunction with a "Mandrel." Buttress Thread- A design of thread profile (cross section) which takes the form of a truncated triangle or slight modification of that form. It is usually positioned so that the right angle is at the bottom of the thread cross section, and adjacent to the neck of the bottle finish. The horizontal leg of the right triangle is the bearing surface for a matching cap thread. It is designed to withstand maximum force in one direction only. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z - Top "C" Dimension -Opening control diameter at top of finish. Cap -See "Closure." Capacity -(1) The rated amount of space inside a bottle provided for a given amount of product. (2) Also, the total amount of volume inside a bottle. The latter is more correctly called the overflow capacity. Cellulosic -There are three major types of cellulosic plastics: cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate and cellulose actetate (usually referred to simply as acetate, butyrate and propionate). In these three groups are hundreds of different grades. Center Gated molds- A molds wherein the cavity is filled with resin through an orifice interconnecting the nozzle and the center of the cavity area. Charge -The volume or weight of material required to load a molds for one complete cycle. Chemical Resistance - Ability of a material to retain utility and appearance following contact with chemical agents. Child Resistant Closure -A closure that requires dissimilar motions which make removal by a child difficult and are subject to current government regulations. Choked Neck- A narrowed or constricted opening in the neck of a bottle. Chromium Plating -An electrolytic process that deposits a hard coating of chromium metal onto a conductive surface. C.I.L. (Flow Test) -A method of determining the rheology or flow properties of thermoplastic resins developed by Canadian Industries Limited. In this test, the amount of the molten resin which is forced through a specified size orifice per unit of time when a specified force is applied gives a relative indication of the flow properties of various resins. Clamping Plate -A plate fitted to a molds and used to fasten the molds to a molding machine. Clarity- Freedom of haze or cloudiness in a plastic material. Clearance -A controlled distance by which one part of an object is kept separated from another part. Closure -A device used to seal off the opening of the bottle, so as to prevent loss of its contents. Closure Application Torque -The amount of rotational force required to apply a CT closure to a bottle finish. A measure of seal integrity or tightness created by proper contact between bottle and closure. Closure Removal Torque -The amount of force necessary to loosen, open, or remove closure from a bottle. Closure Stripping Torque -The amount of force required to cause the closure and/or bottle finish to distort and override the matching closure-bottle threads. CMA- Closure Manufacturers Association. Coefficient of Expansion -The fractional change in length (sometimes volume is specified) of a material for a unit change in temperature. Cold Flow-See "Creep." Cold Shot- Starting up an extruder on a blow molding machine requires that temperature equilibrium be achieved sufficient to melt the plastic at a rapid enough rate to form a parison from which to blow the bottle. Before this is achieved, several incomplete parisons will be formed while cycling the machine during heat-up of the machine. These imperfect and unusable parisons are called "cold shots." Collapse- Deformation of the bottle. Color Concentrate -A measured amount or pigment incorporated into a predetermined amount of plastic. This pigmented or colored plastic is then mixed into larger quantities of plastic material 10 De used for molding. The "concentrate" is added to the bulk of plastic in measured quantity in order to produce a precise, predetermined color of the moldsed bottles. Colorfastness- Capability of pigment in inks, stains, coating, dyes and plastics to retain its original hue without fading or running during use and storage. Column Crush -A measure of the resistance of a plastic bottle to deformation under a vertical load, applied along the bottle抯 vertical axis. Compound - The plastic material to be moldsed or blown in to final form. Included are the resin itself, along with modifiers, pigments, antioxidants, lubricants, etc., needed to process the desired properties in the finished bottle. Compression Ratio - on a helical extruder screw, the ratio of volume available in the first flight at the hopper versus that available in the last flight at the end of the screw. Concavity-A hollowed portion in a bottle or molds. Concentricity -For a bottle, various cross sections which have a common center are said to have concentricity. Contamination- Foreign matter in a bottle. Continuous Parison (Also see Parison) -In the blow molding process, the uninterrupted formation of an extrudate that is subsequently formed into bottles. The cycling of the machine is so designed that continuous extrusion can be maintained; i.e., need not be interrupted while previously formed parions are being formed in bottles. Continuous Thread (Abbreviated "C-T") -An uninterrupted protruding helix on the neck of a bottle to hold a screw-type closure. Convexity -That portion or place on a bottle or molds which protrudes. Cooling Channels -Channels or passageways located within the body of a molds through which a cooling medium can be circulated to control temperature on the molds surface. Copolymer- See "Polymer." Core Pin- Pin or blade used to form a hole in a moldsed bottle; also see Blow Pin. Core Rod- A rod used to form the internal configuration of an injection blow moldsed parison or preform. Coring -The method of sizing and shaping a bottle opening by appropriate tools. Corona Treatment- Exposing a bottle to a corona discharge to increase receptivity to inks, lacquers, paints, adhesives, etc. Crazing- Fine cracks which may extend in a network on or under the surface or through a layer of a plastic material. Creep -The dimensional change with time OT a material under load, following the Initial instantaneous elastic deformation. "Creep! at room temperature is sometimes called "Cold Flow." Crystallinity -A state of molecular orientation in some resins which denotes an orderly compact structure of the molecular chains forming the polymer. Normally can be attributed to the formation of solids crystals having a definite geometric form. Cubic Displacement-Volume of space occupied by a bottle, measured in terms of its external dimensions. Curling -See "Parison Curl." Curtaining -The vertical draping of folding caused by extruding a parison which swells; i.e., grows in diameter as it is extruded. Because of gravitational forces, the parison tends to fold or wrinkle beneath the die as it descends. Curvature- See "Parison Curl." Cut-Off- The line where the halves (top and bottom) of a blow molds come together; the knife edges of the molds squeeze together and weld the top and bottom of the hot parisons. Also called "Pinch-Off." Cycle -The complete sequence of operations in a process to complete one set of parts. The cycle is taken at a point in the operation and ends when this point again starts. Center Gated molds -A molds wherein the cavity IS filled with resin through an orifice interconnecting the nozzle and the center of the cavity area. Child Resistant Closure (Abbreviated "CR") -A closure that requires dissimilar motions which make removal by a child difficult and are subject to current government regulations. Clamp -The part of the molding machine that holds the molds, keeps it closed while plastic is forced into the tools, and provides the motions that remove the closure from the molds. Clamp Speed -Speed at which molds platens will open and close; controlled by operator. Clamp Tonnage -Amount of force, in tons, that machine is capable of exerting on the molds. Insufficient clamp tonnage will allow the molds to flash at the parting line when the melt is injected at high pressure. Clamping Plate -A plate fitted to a molds and used to fasten the molds to a molding machine. Closure -A device used to seal off the opening of the container, so as to prevent loss of its contents. Closure Lining Machine -A specialized machine that automatically cuts and inserts liners into closures, at high speed, utilizing a punch & die or specialized cutters. Closure Height -The overall height of the closure proper. Measured from the closure top to the open end of the closure. May be considered in terms of "inside height" or "outside height." Closure Mouth -The open end of the closure. Closure Removal Torque -The amount of force necessary to loosen, open, or remove closure from a bottle. Closure Skirt -The vertical wall of a closure. Closure Stripping Torque -The amount of force required to cause the closure bottle finish to distort and override the matching closure-bottle threads. Cocking -Mis-application of a closure to a container. Its appearance is uneven on the container or pulled off to one side, due to the lack of even downward pull of threads. This is normally caused by over torquing or an out of spec. "8" dimension container. Coefficient of Friction -The ratio of the force required to move one surface over another surface, to the total force pressing the two surfaces together. Colorant -Any substance that imparts color to another material or mixture. Colorants can be either dyes or pigments. Cold Flow -Change in dimensions and shape of a material when subjected to stress, external weight, or pressure, generally at room or cool temperature. This process is usually responsible for "back off", or loss of torque over time. Compression molding -A molding process whereby thermoset plastic material is dropped into a cavity and formed under pressure by a force. The process is primarily done on a rotary molding machine. Continuous Thread Closure (Abbreviated "CT") -A non-interrupted spiral design threaded closure whose main purpose is to mate with corresponding bottle threads and provide sealing and re-sealing of the package. Core -molds component which forms internal surface of closure, including the threads. Cycle -The sequence of operations in a process to complete one set of parts. The cycle is taken at a point in the operation and ends when this point again starts. Cycle Time -Time during which one molding cycle is completed. Comprises: injection of melt, cure, recoversy ' part ejection, and clamping for next shot. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z - Top Design of Experiments {DOE} - A blueprint to conduct tests where questions that need to be answered are outlined, data collection sheets are prepared, analysis of data is planned, and limitation of the tests are known, all in advance. There are many types of designs available. Dispensing Closure -a snap on or threaded closure which allows for product dispensing (and usually resealing) without removing the closure from the package Dogs -The ratcheting lugs on the stripper bushing that prevent the closure from turning as the core unscrews from the closure. Draft -The degree of taper of a side wall or the angle of clearance designed to facilitate removal of parts from the molds. Daylight Opening - Clearance between two platens of a press in the open position. Deboss (ed), (-ing) -Depressed design or lettering on the surface of a bottle. Deflashing - Removing excess, unwanted material from a moldsed bottle. Degradation - A deleterious change in the chemical structure of a plastic. Delamination - Separation of the layers in a structure. Deliquescent- Capable of attracting moisture from the air. Density -Weight per unit volume of a substance, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter, pounds per cubic foot, etc. Destaticization- See "Antistatic Agent." Detergents- Substances which lower the surface tension of water and cause it to "wet" (spread) more readily. These substances are similar in some respects to soaps. Die -Any tool or arrangement of tools designed to cut, shape or otherwise form materials to a desired configuration. Die Gap -The distance between the metal faces forming the die opening. Die Lines -Marks on the parison caused by damage or contaminated die parts. Die Swell Ratio -The ratio of the outer parison diameter (or parson thickness) to the outer diameter of the die (or die gap). Die swell ratio is influenced by polymer type, head construction, land length, extrusion speed and temperature. Dimensional Stability- Ability of a plastic bottle to retain the precise shape in which it was moldsed, fabricated or cast. Discoloration-Any change from the original color, often caused by over heating, light exposure, irradiation, or chemical attack. Draft- The degree of taper of a side wall or the angle of clearance designed to facilitate removal of parts from the molds. Drop Test-Any test method in which the bottle being tested is dropped in a specified manner for a specific number of times or until the bottle fails from impact. Refer to PBI-4. Dry-Blend -A free-flowing dry compound prepared without fluxing or addition of solvent. (Also called "Powder Blend"). Dry Coloring -Method commonly used by fabricators for coloring plastics by tumble-blending uncolored particles of the plastic material with selected dyes and pigments. Ductility -(1) The extent to which a solids material can be drawn into a thinner cross section. (2) The ability of a material to elongate without fracturing. Durometer Hardness- Hardness of a material as measured by Shore Durometer . Dwell- A pause in the application of pressure to a molds, made just before the molds is completely closed, to allow the escape of gas from the molding material. Dyes - Synthetic or natural organic solvents and characterized by good transparency and high coloring strength. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z - Top "E" Dimension -The smaller diameter of the inside of the closure measured "thread to thread". Corresponds to the "E" (outside wall) of the container. Ejection -That part of the molding cycle in which the finished bottle is removed mechanically from the molds. Ejection System -System used to eject the moldsed part from the molds after it cures. Equivalent Closure Liners -Closure liners that are composed of the same number of laminated layers, with similar thickness, and with the same facings in contact with the product. For example, Pulp/lSPE from Insulec ...and Pulp/FSM1 from Selig. "E" Dimension - On a threaded bottle neck (finish), the measurement across the root of the threads. Ejection - That part of the molding cycle in which the finished bottle is removed mechanically from the molds. Elastic Deformation -The part of the deformation of a bottle under load which is recoversable when the load is removed. Elasticity - The property of a substance which enables it to return to its original shape and size after removal of a deforming force. Electronic Treating -A method of oxidizing treating a plastic surface, to render it printable, by subjecting it to a high voltage corona discharge. Elongation- Lengthwise stretch of a material usually expressed as a percentage of its original length. Emboss (-ed), (-ing) -Raised design or lettering on the surface of a bottle. Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) -The susceptibility of a plastic bottle to crack or craze under the influence of certain chemicals, stresses, or other agents. Etch -To treat a molds with an acid, leaving parts of the molds which remain in relief to form the desired design on the bottle. Ethylene Plastics- Plastics based on polymers or copolymers of ethylene. EVA (Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate) -Copolymers from these two monomers retain many of the properties of polyethylene, but have considerably increased flexibility for their density. Elongation and impact resistance are also increased. Extender-A substance added to a plastic composition to reduce the amount of the primary resin required. Extrudate -The plastic material delivered by an extruder . Extrusion -The compacting of a plastic material and the forcing of it through an orifice in more continuous fashion. Exudation -Migration of an ingredient in a mrial or product to the surface. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z - Top FR- Fine Rib. The outside vertical ribs of the closure (as opposed to course ribs) Facing -Usually a plastic film, bonded or co-extruded, to a resilient backing material, and in contact with the product being packaged. Finish -Describes the seal area, commonly referred to as the land area, and thread area of the closure. Fitment -A plastic component that snaps over the land area to function as an orifice reducer or' blocker. Flash -Excessive undesirable plastic materials on containers or closures formed along molds seams or parting lines, as a result of plastic flowing into clearance between molds components. Foamseal -A closure liner, made of expanded polystyrene foam. Force -The tool used in compression molding that molds the inside and bottom outside of the closure. Full Thread Turn -360 degrees Fadeometer-An apparatus for determining the resistance of resins and other materials to fading. This apparatus accelerates the fading by subjecting the bottle to high intensity ultraviolet rays of approximately the same wave length as those found in sunlight. Fill Point- The level to which a bottle must be filled to furnish a designated quantity of the contents. Filler-A substance added to a plastic to make it less costly. However, fillers may also improve physical properties, particularly hardness, stiffness and impact strength. The particles are usually small, in contrast to those of reinforcements (i.e.); but there is some overlap between the functions of the two. (Also see "Extender"). Fillet-A convex curve or surface which connects two adjacent surfaces. Fin- Excess material left on a moldsed bottle at those places where the molds or dies mated. Also, the web of material remaining in holes or openings in a bottle which must be removed in finishing. Fines -Very small particles (usually under 200 mesh) accompanying larger grains, usually of molding powder. Finish -(1) The plastic forming the opening of a bottle shaped to accommodate a specified closure. (2) The ultimate surface structure of a bottle. Finish Insert-A removable part of a blow molds to form a specific neck finish of a plastic bottle. Sometimes called "Neck Insert" or "Neck Ring." Fitment-A device used to accomplish a certain purpose, such as an orifice reducer, dropper, sprinkler, powder shaker, etc. Flame Treatment-A method of rendering inert thermoplastic bottles receptive to inks, lacquers, paints, adhesives, etc., in which the bottle is bathed in an open flame to promote oxidation of the surface of the bottle. Flammability -Measure of the extent to which a material will support combustion. Flash- Extra plastic attached to a molding along the parting line; it must be removed before the part can be considered finished. Flow- A qualitative description of the fluidity of a plastic material during the process of molding. Flow Marks (Also see " Flow Lines") -Wavy surface appearance caused by improper flow of the resin into the molds. Fluorescent Pigments- Pigments which absorb radiation of a given frequency and then emit radiation of a different frequency. Leads to a glowing effect. Friction Welding -A method of welding thermoplastic materials whereby the heat necessary to soften the components is provided by friction. (Also called "Spin Welding.") A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z - Top G.P.I. -Glass Packaging Institute (formerly GCMI) Gate -An orifice through which the molten resin enters the cavity. Small restricted opening which connects the runners to the cavity. Gate -The hole in the tool that allows plastic into the tooling to form the closure. Glued-in Closure Liners -Closure liners that are attached to the inside roof of the closure, by a hot melt adhesive. Glued-On Closure Liners -A closure liner that is adhered to the sealing surface of a container, through use of either an externally applied adhesive (onto the container), or pressure-sensitive adhesive coating (on the liner). Grit Blasted -A method by which an abrasive is used to treat a molding surface. Gas Transmission -The movement of gas through a plastic film or wall at a specified temperature, pressure and relative humidity. Gate -An orifice through which the molten resin enters the cavity. Gel- Generally a small undispersed resin particle which, because of chemical structure differences, does not process exactly like the surrounding resin. Gloss -The shine or luster of the surface of a material. Grit Blasted -A method by which an abrasive is used to treat a molding surface. Guide Pins- Devices to maintain proper alignment of molds. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z - Top "H" Dimension -The vertical distance between the inside top of the closure at the sealing area and the bottom of the closure. This dimension is measured without including the liner or linerless feature. HDPE -High density polyethylene. Helix Angle -A measure of the inclination made by the spiral of the continuous thread closure in relation to the horizontal plane measured at the mean diameter of the thread profile. Angle of the flights on the molding screw, usually 17.28. Hot-Melt Adhesive -Adhesive, solids at room temperature, which is liquefied by heat, applied molten, and forms a bond by cooling and solidsifying. Based on thermoplastic polymers, generally modified with resins and/or waxes. Usually in range of 250 to 400 F "H" Dimension-(1) On a threaded bottle neck (finish), the measurement from the top of the finish to the point where diameter 慖" extended parallel to the centerline intersects the shoulder or bead. (2) The vertical distance between the inside top of the closure at the sealing area and the bottom (open end) of the closure without including any liner (if used), or "Iinerless" seal, ribs, membranes, or any other sealing elements. HDPE- High Density Polyethylene. Hardness -The resistance of a material to compression and indentation. Among the testing methods are Brinell, Rockwell and Shore. Haze -The degree of cloudiness in a plastic material. Head -The end section of a blow molding machine in which melt is transformed into a hollow parison. Head Space -The volume between the fill level of a bottle and the overflow. Heat-Deflection Point- The temperature at which a standard test bar (ASTM D-648) deflects 0.010 inches under a stated load of either 66 or 264 psi. Heating Chamber-In injection molding of the machine in which the cold feed is reUUl,;tlU lU Cl hot melt. (Also called "Heating Cylinder.") Heat Resistance -The ability to withstand the effects of exposure to high temperature. Care must be exercised in defining precisely what is meant when this term is used. Descriptions pertaining to heat resistance properties include: boilable, washable, cigarette-proof, sterilizable, etc. Heat Stability -The resistance of a plastic material to chemical deterioration during processing. Heat Transfer Label- A label applied to a bottle by transferring the label, preprinted on a substrate, to the bottle surface. Heel- The part of a bottle between the bottom bearing surface and the side wall. Heel Radius -The degree of curvature at the extreme bottom end of a bottle extending upward from the bearing surface. Also called "Base Radius." Helix Angle -The measure of inclination of the thread, from a plane perpendicular to the vertical centerline of the thread finish. Hermetic Seal- A seal that will exclude air and will be gas tight at normal temperatures and atmospheric pressures. Hob -The tool used in hobbing. Hobbing- Forming molds cavities by forcing a hob into cavity blanks of a softer material. Homogeneous- Of the same composition or construction throughout. Homopolymer- See "Polymer." Hopper- Feed resevoir into which molding powder is loaded and from which it falls into a molding machine or extruder, sometimes through a metering device. Hopper Dryer- A combination feeding and drying device for extrusion and injection molding of thermoplastics. Hot air flows upward through the hopper containing the feed pellets. Hot Stamping- Engraving operations for making plastics in which roll leaf is stamped with heated metal dies onto the bottle. Ink compounds can also be used. By means of felt rolls, ink is supplied to type and by means of heat and pressure. type is impressed into the bottle, leaving the marking compound in the identification. Hygroscopic- Tending to absorb moisture. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z - Top "I" Dimension -The diameter of the opening of the container measured from inside wall to inside wall. Immediate Removal Torque -The torque required to unscrew a closure shortly (optimally within 15 minutes) after closure application. Induction Seal Liners -A specialized laminate containing aluminum foil, and a plastic heat sealable film, which hermetically seals a container through use of an "Induction Cap sealing Machine." Interference -A condition where an exterior diameter in the finish area of the bottle is larger than the mating interior diameter of the closure. Internal Threads -Threads of the interior of the closure. Interrupted Threads -Threads on the closure that are not continuous, having gaps. Normally used in beverage closures. Thread on (neck) finish of bottles in which, the thread has gaps or discontinuities; the gaps being at the parting line of the mol Injection molds -A molds into which a plasticized material is introduced from an exterior heating cylinder. Injection molding -A process by which a plasticized material is forced into a molds. Injection Unit -The part of the molding machine that melts the material, mixes in the color and additives, and injects the plastic into the molds. I'L" Style Thread -Commonly referred to an all purpose or balanced thread. Designed with a 30-degree pressure angle. "I" Dimension-A specified minimum dimension inside the bottle neck that will allow sufficient clearance for filler tubes to enter the bottle neck. Impact Modifier- See "Filler." Impact Strength- (1) The ability of a material to withstand shock loading. (2) The work done in fracturing, under shock loading, a specified test specimen in a specified manner . Inhibitor-A substance that slows down chemical reaction. Inhibitors are sometimes used in certain types of monomers and resins to prolong storage life. Injection Blow molding -A blow molding process in which the parison to be blown is formed by injection molding. Injection molds- A molds into which a plasticated material is introduced from an exterior heating cylinder. In-molds Labeling (I.M.L.) - A process in which a label is placed in the molds and then the parison is blown to form a labeled bottle. Inorganic Pigments- Natural or synthetic metallic oxides, sulfides and other salts, calcined during processing at 1200?to 2100. They are outstanding in heat-and-light stability, weather resistance, and migration resistance. Interrupted Thread -Thread on (neck) finish of bottles in which the thread has gaps or discontinuities, the gaps being at the parting line of the molds. Intrinsic Viscosity (I. V.) - A solution viscosity measurement directly related to polymer molecular weight. Ilonomer Resins -A polymer which has ethylene as its major component, but containing both covalent and ionic bonds. The polymer exhibits very strong interchain ionic forces. The anions hang from the hydrocarbon chain and the cations are metallic; sodium, potassium, magnesium. These resins have many of the same factors as polyethylene plus high transparency, tenacity, resilience and increased resistance to oils, greases and solvents. Fabrication is carried out as with polyethylene. Irradiation (Atomic) -As applied to plastics, refers to bombardment with a variety of subatomic particles, generally alpha-, beta-, or gamma rays. Atomic irradiation has been used to initiate polymerization and copolymerization of plastics and in some cases to bring about changes in the physical proper plastic material. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z - Top |